14 research outputs found

    Content distribution support in modern wireless and wired networks

    No full text
    Distributing live video stream using a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) streaming system has the advantage over a point-to-point client/server system of offering more resources to clients by effectively turning each one of them into a secondary server that assists in the distribution of the stream. These additional resources can yield improved scalability and/or resilience, depending on the design of the system. Organizing the nodes into a tree shoots for scalability while meshes on the other hand shoot for resilience to congestion/churn by providing each node with multiple parents from which it can receive the stream in parallel. Several works focus on overlay construction and coding neglecting the fact that functions well understood in the context of point-to-point video streaming require to be revisited in the context of P2P video streaming since the new setting adds new dimensions beyond our previous understanding. Our approach to the problem is to preserve the inherent advantage offered by the P2P architecture and exploit it to enhance the quality experienced by the end user, by revealing those subtle processes that may affect the overall system performance and require a different design perspective that suits the new distribution environment. In the first part of this thesis we have examined the impact of the adopted playout policy on the performance of P2P live streaming systems. We argue and demonstrate experimentally that (popular) playout policies which permit the divergence of the playout points of different nodes can deteriorate drastically the performance of P2P live streaming. Consequently, we argue in favor of keeping different playout points “near-in-time”, even if this requires sacrificing (dropping) some late frames that could otherwise be rendered (assuming no strict bidirectional interactivity requirements are in place). Such nearly synchronized playout policies create “positive correlation” with respect to the available frames at different playout buffers. Therefore, they increase the number of upstream relay nodes from which a node can pull frames and thus boost the playout quality of both single-parent (tree) and multiple-parent (mesh) systems. On the contrary, diverging playout points reduce the number of upstream parents that can offer a gapless relay of the stream. This is clearly undesirable and should be avoided as it contradicts the fundamental philosophy of P2P systems which is to supplement an original service point with as many additional ones presented by the very own users of the service. In the second part of this thesis we have taken into consideration the realistic fact that the quality experienced at a peer is highly correlated with the probability of this peer to churn. A novel churn model is introduced which associates the likelihood of churn with the experienced quality. The model produces a lifetime distribution that is in agreement with recent measurement studies. Considering such a model in a P2P environment with node churn, we explore peer selection strategies aiming at improving the stability (reducing node churn) and the offered quality of the system, by taking into consideration the distinct characteristics of a live video streaming service.Η παρούσα διατριβή εστιάζει σε μία από τις πιο απαιτητικές υπηρεσίες μέσων συνεχούς ροής, την διάθεση ζωντανού βίντεο, σε συνάρτηση με την υιοθέτηση του μοντέλου διανομής του ομότιμου δικτύου. Σύμφωνα με το μοντέλο του ομότιμου δικτύου χτίζεται ένα υπερκείμενο δίκτυο (overlay) μεταξύ των συμμετεχόντων κόμβων πάνω από την υποκείμενη (underlay) παρεχόμενη δικτυακή υποδομή του διαδικτύου. Αυτή η προσέγγιση παρέχει εξαιρετικά ελκυστικά χαρακτηριστικά όπως τη μεγάλη διαθεσιμότητα πόρων, τη δυνατότητα φθηνής υλοποίησης μιας υπηρεσίας, καθώς και τη δυνατότητα λήψης του περιεχομένου μέσα από μια σειρά από δυνατές εναλλακτικές δρομολογήσεις στο υποκείμενο δίκτυο. Κύριο αρνητικό χαρακτηριστικό και ικανό να υποσκελίσει την πληθώρα των θετικών αποτελεί το ότι η διαθεσιμότητα των κόμβων του δεν είναι δεδομένη αφού ο κάθε κόμβος συμμετέχει και παρέχει τους πόρους του στο δίκτυο για απροσδιόριστο χρόνο που υποβάλλεται από την επιθυμία του χρήστη του κόμβου αυτού. Αποδεικνύουμε ότι εμπλεκόμενες πολιτικές που θεωρούνταν ως τώρα δεδομένες ως προς την λειτουργία τους δύνανται να μειώσουν σημαντικά την πλεονεκτική απόδοση που θεωρητικά μπορεί να μας δώσει το νέο αυτό μοντέλο εάν δεν σχεδιαστούν κατάλληλα ώστε να λάβουν υπόψιν τους τα εγγενή χαρακτηριστικά του νέου μοντέλου διάθεσης. Συγκεκριμένα εξετάζουμε την επίδραση που έχει η υιοθετημένη πολιτική αναπαραγωγής (playout policy) της λαμβανόμενης ροής βίντεο σε κάθε πελάτη της υπηρεσίας, στην απόδοση του συστήματος διανομής. Ως συνέπεια, επιχειρηματολογούμε υπέρ του να διατηρούνται τα σημεία αναπαραγωγής των διαφορετικών κόμβων χρονικά κοντά, ακόμα και αν αυτό σημαίνει το να θυσιάζονται κάποια πλαίσια που έχουν χάσει τις χρονικές τους προθεσμίες και που διαφορετικά θα μπορούσαν να αναπαραχθούν στον πελάτη στη περίπτωση που δεν υπάρχουν ισχυρές απαιτήσεις ως προς την διαδραστικότητα. Μια τέτοια προσέγγιση συγχρονισμένων πολιτικών αναπαραγωγής δημιουργεί θετική συσχέτιση όσον αφορά τα διαθέσιμα πλαίσια στις προσωρινές μνήμες αναπαραγωγής διαφορετικών κόμβων. Με αυτό τον τρόπο αυξάνεται ο αριθμός αυτών των κόμβων απ’ όπου κάποιος άλλος κόμβος μπορεί να λάβει πλαίσια (σε συνέχεια αυτών που ήδη έχει στην προσωρινή μνήμη αναπαραγωγής του) και έτσι η ποιότητα αναπαραγωγής αυξάνεται δραματικά ανεξάρτητα από τον τρόπο οργάνωσης του υπερκείμενου δικτύου που υλοποιεί το σύστημα διανομής. Η εγγενής αστάθεια του περιβάλλοντος διανομής δεν ευνοεί την διανομή ζωντανού βίντεο. Ωστόσο υποστηρίζουμε και αποδεικνύουμε ότι όχι μόνο είναι δυνατό να βελτιώσουμε την σταθερότητα των συνδέσεων αλλά και να μειώσουμε το ίδιο το φαινόμενο της αποχώρησης των χρηστών λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν την έντονη συσχέτιση μεταξύ της παρεχόμενης ποιότητας υπηρεσίας και της αποχώρησης των κόμβων. Εισάγουμε ένα νέο μοντέλο αποχώρησης κόμβων όπου συσχετίζεται η πιθανότητα αποχώρησης ενός κόμβου με την ποιότητα υπηρεσίας που έχει βιώσει ο χρήστης του κόμβου αυτού. Η πιθανοτική κατανομή που προκύπτει και διέπει τους χρόνους ζωής των κόμβων στο σύστημα έρχεται σε συμφωνία με μετρήσεις που έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί σε εν λειτουργία συστήματα διανομής. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο προτείνουμε πολιτικές που μειώνουν την αστάθεια ενώ ταυτόχρονα ευνοούν την ποιοτική παροχή της υπηρεσίας σε δυναμικές συνθήκες τόσο αστάθειας των κόμβων του δικτύου αλλά και των δικτυακών συνδέσεων. Η θεώρηση μας διαφοροποιείται ως προς το ότι λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν τις ιδιαίτερες απαιτήσεις της υπηρεσίας διανομής ζωντανού βίντεο θεωρούμε μικρές χρονικές κλίμακες σε αντίθεση με τις μεγάλες χρονικές κλίμακες που θεωρούνται σε υπηρεσίες διαμοιρασμού αρχείων, στοχεύοντας τόσο να βελτιστοποιήσουμε την αποδοτικότητα της σύνδεσης των κόμβων αλλά και την ευστάθεια αυτής

    The impact of playout policy on the performance of P2P live streaming - ... or how not to kill your P2P advantage

    No full text
    In this paper we examine the impact of the adopted playout policy on the performance of P2P live streaming systems. We argue and demonstrate experimentally that (popular) playout policies which permit the divergence of the playout points of different nodes can deteriorate drastically the performance of P2P live streaming. Consequently, we argue in favor of keeping different playout points “near-in-time”, even if this requires sacrificing (dropping) some late frames that could otherwise be rendered (assuming no strict bidirectional interactivity requirements are in place). Such nearly synchronized playout policies create “positive correlation” with respect to the available frames at different playout buffers. Therefore, they increase the number of upstream relay nodes from which a node can pull frames and thus boost the playout quality of both single-parent (tree) and multiple-parent (mesh) systems. On the contrary, diverging playout points reduce the number of upstream parents that can offer a gapless relay of the stream. This is clearly undesirable and should be avoided as it contradicts the fundamental philosophy of P2P systems which is to supplement an original service point with as many additional ones presented by the very own users of the service

    The Impact of Playout Policy on the Performance of P2P Live Streaming... or how not to kill your P2P advantage

    No full text
    In this paper we examine the impact of the adopted playout policy on the performance of P2P live streaming systems. We argue and demonstrate experimentally that (popular) playout policies which permit the divergence of the playout points of different nodes can deteriorate drastically the performance of P2P live streaming. Consequently, we argue in favor of keeping different playout points “near-in-time”, even if this requires sacrificing (dropping) some late frames that could otherwise be rendered (assuming no strict bidirectional interactivity requirements are in place). Such nearly synchronized playout policies create “positive correlation ” with respect to the available frames at different playout buffers. Therefore, they increase the number of upstream relay nodes from which a node can pull frames and thus boost the playout quality of both single-parent (tree) and multiple-parent (mesh) systems. On the contrary, diverging playout points reduce the number of upstream parents that can offer a gapless relay of the stream. This is clearly undesirable and should be avoided as it contradicts the fundamental philosophy of P2P systems which is to supplement an original service point with as many additional ones presented by the very own users of the service

    The Impact of Playout Policy on the Performance of P2P Live Streaming

    No full text
    In this paper we examine the impact of the adopted playout policy on the performance of P2P live streaming systems. We argue and demonstrate experimentally that (popular) playout policies which permit the divergence of the playout points of different nodes can deteriorate drastically the performance of P2P live streaming. Consequently, we argue in favor of keeping different playout points “near-in-time”, even if this requires sacrificing (dropping) some late frames that could otherwise be rendered (assuming no strict bidirectional interactivity requirements are in place). Such nearly synchronized playout policies create “positive correlation ” with respect to the available frames at different playout buffers. Therefore, they increase the number of upstream relay nodes from which a node can pull frames and thus boost the playout quality of both single-parent (tree) and multiple-parent (mesh) systems. On the contrary, diverging playout points reduce the number of upstream parents that can offer a gapless relay of the stream. This is clearly undesirable and should be avoided as it contradicts the fundamental philosophy of P2P systems which is to supplement an original service point with as many additional ones presented by the very own users of the service. 1

    Adult Education and Lifelong Learning. The case of GSAE (General Secretary for Adult Education) in Greece

    No full text
    The participation rates in adult education in Greece are low in comparison with other European countries. Within the framework of the present research an effort has been undertaken in order to evaluate the program of training instructors of adults through distance learning education hosted by the GSAE (General Secretary for Adult Education) and the ICAE (Institute for the Continuing Adult Education) in Greece. Among the most important outcomes of this research was considered to be the positive attitude of the participants concerning the program in general as well as the electronic educational material distributed. Furthermore, the hybrid educational process selected for use by the program was thought to be particularly flexible. As for the programâ??s negative aspects, the main problems noted were the distance certain trainees had to cover in order to participate physically during the scheduled meetings, as well as the technical issues arose within the e-learning environment

    Empirical evaluation of energy saving margins in backbone networks

    No full text
    Fueled by concern over the energy consumption of backbone networks, lot's of work has recently gone into proposals for energy-aware traffic engineering and routing. Local and network-wide policies have been developed for switching off network interfaces and concentrating traffic in as few links as allowed by SLA constraints. In this work we examine empirically the energy saving margins of such policies using extensive data from a national and a pan-European research and academic network. We analyze the dependence of such margins on several parameters, including the level of energy proportionality, QoS constraints and the geographic span of a network. Our findings reveal that with existing devices, smart powering-off can save more than 50% of currently consumed energy, and that energy-aware traffic engineering has still quite away to go before it can be made redundant by improvements in the energy proportionality of devices
    corecore